Bibliography
This is the list of source material I used in researching Zero Hour: A History of 9/11.
Also, here is a list of what I consider to be the essential texts about 9/11.
Articles
Al Jazeera. “Profile: Omar Suleiman.” July 19, 2012.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/7/19/profile-omar-suleiman-2
​
Alexei Alexiev. “Inside the Soviet Army in Afghanistan.” RAND Corporation, May 1988.
https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R3627.html
All Things Considered. “What a Downed Black Hawk in Somalia Taught America.” NPR, October 5, 2013.
https://www.npr.org/2013/10/05/229561805/what-a-downed-black-hawk-in-somalia-taught-america
​
Mike Allen. “Rove suspected Gore aide of DUI leak.” Politico, March 4, 2010.
https://www.politico.com/story/2010/03/rove-suspected-gore-aide-of-dui-leak-033946
​
Amnesty International. “Afghanistan’s refugees: forty years of dispossession.” June 20, 2019.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/afghanistan-refugees-forty-years/
Deborah Amos. “30 Years Later, Photos Emerge from Killings in Syria.” NPR, February 2, 2012.
https://www.npr.org/2012/02/01/146235292/30-years-later-photos-emerge-from-killings-in-syria
​
Scottie Andrew. “How the phrase ‘October surprise’ entered the political lexicon.’ CNN, October 2, 2020.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/october-surprise-what-is-trnd/index.html
​
Kelli Arena. “Sources: Egyptian gets $27 million for Mohammed's arrest tip” CNN, March 12, 2003.
http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/12/shaikh.reward/index.html
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Associated Press. “500 Are Believed Dead as Tanzania Ferry Sinks in Lake Victoria.” May 22, 1996.
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James Astill. “Osama: the Sudan years.” The Guardian, October 17, 2001.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism3
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Abdul Bari Atwan. “Inside Osama’s mountain lair.” The Guardian, November 12, 2001.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/12/afghanistan.terrorism1
​
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “‘Carlos the Jackal’ sentenced to third life term for 1974 attack on Paris shopping arcade.” March 28, 2017.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-29/carlos-the-jackal-sentenced-to-life-for-1974-attack/8396054
​
Michael Battles. “25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers.” U.S. Air Force. June 25, 2021.
https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2671543/25-years-later-remembering-khobar-towers/
​
BBC News. “Sunnis and Shia in the Middle East.” December 19, 2013.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25434060
​
BBC News. “What is Sharia and how is it applied?” May 7, 2014.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-27307249
​
BBC News. “Chechnya profile – Timeline.” January 17, 2018.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18190473
​
BBC News. “Lake Victoria Tanzania ferry disaster: Survivor found in air pocket.” September 22, 2018.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45611436
​
Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon. “The New Face of Terrorism.” New York Times, January 4, 2000.
https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/04/opinion/the-new-face-of-terrorism.html
​
Peter Bergen. “Five myths about Osama bin Laden.” Washington Post, May 6, 2011.
Peter Bergen. “The cleric who altered the course of modern history.” CNN, February 19, 2017.
https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/19/opinions/9-11-spiritual-guide-dies-bergen/
​
Richard Bernstein. “Questioning Focuses on One Defendant.” New York Times, November 11, 1993.
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/11/nyregion/questioning-focuses-on-one-defendant.html
​
Richard Bernstein. “Explosion at the Twin Towers; 4 Are Convicted in Bombing at the World Trade Center That Killed 6, Stunned U.S.” New York Times, March 5, 1994.
​
Preeti Bhattacharji. “Chechen Terrorism (Russia, Chechnya, Separatist),” Council on Foreign Relations. April 8, 2010.
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chechen-terrorism-russia-chechnya-separatist
Barbara Bodine. “9/11 Miniseries Is Bunk.” Los Angeles Times, September 8, 2006.
https://www.latimes.com/news/la-oe-bodine8sep08-story.html
​
Greg Botelho. “Sudanese Islamist leader, bin Laden ally Hassan al-Turabi dies.” CNN, March 5, 2016.
https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/05/africa/sudan-hassan-al-turabi-dies/
​
Mark Bowden. “The Legacy of Black Hawk Down.” Smithsonian Magazine, January/February 2019.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/legacy-black-hawk-down-180971000/
​
F. Brinley Bruton and Courtney Kube. “Suspected 9/11 Recruiter Mohammed Haymar Zammar captured in Syria,” NBC News, April 19, 2018.
​
The Business Standard. “Journalist who interviewed Osama bin Laden thrice, and told the tale.” November 2, 2020.
https://www.tbsnews.net/world/journalist-who-interviewed-osama-bin-laden-thrice-and-told-tale-152788
​
Daniel L. Byman. “What Zarqawi’s Death Means for the Insurgency.” The Brookings Institution, June 8, 2006.
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/what-zarqawis-death-means-for-the-insurgency/
​
Amos Chapple. “‘Welcome to Hell, Part II’: The Second Chechen War.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 1, 2019.
https://www.rferl.org/a/the-second-chechen-war-in-photos/30185257.html
​
CNN. “Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Fast Facts.” Updated December 21, 2022.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/03/world/meast/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-fast-facts/index.html
​
CNN. “U.S. missiles pound targets in Afghanistan, Sudan.” August 21, 1998.
http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/20/us.strikes.02/
CNN. “Rescuers search for life in rubble of Nairobi bomb attack.” August 8, 1998.
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9808/07/africa.explosions.04/
CNN. “Bush acknowledges 1976 DUI charge.” November 2, 2000.
https://www.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/02/bush.dui/
CNN. “Suspect in USS Cole bombing kills self in Yemen.” February 14, 2002.
http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/02/13/yemen.alqaeda/
​
CNN. “Pakistani man executed for CIA killings.” November 15, 2002.
http://edition.cnn.com/2002/LAW/11/14/cia.killings.execution/index.html
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CNN. “Jordan: Embassy bombers ‘cowards’” August 7, 2003.
http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/07/sprj.irq.embassy.blast/
​
CNN. “U.N. attack branded ‘ruthless’” August 19, 2003.
http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/sprj.irq.int.reaction/
​
CNN. “Al-Zawahiri: Egyptian militant group joins al Qaeda.” August 5, 2006.
http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/05/zawahiri.tape/index.html
​
CNN. “Osama bin Laden: Fast Facts.” April 27, 2021.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/30/world/osama-bin-laden-fast-facts/index.html
​
CNN. “Spain Train Bombings Fast Facts.” Updated February 21, 2023.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/europe/spain-train-bombings-fast-facts/index.html
​
CNN exit poll, 2004 presidential election
https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html
Council on Foreign Relations. “The Iraq War, 2003-2011.”
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/iraq-war
​
Council on Foreign Relations. “The U.S. War in Afghanistan, 1999-2020.”
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan
Council on Foreign Relations. “The Sunni-Shia Divide.”
https://www.cfr.org/sunni-shia-divide/
​
Bette Dam. “The Secret Life of Mullah Omar,” Zomia Center, 2019.
Robert M. Danin. “Remembering the Hama Massacre.” Council on Foreign Relations, February 2, 2012.
https://www.cfr.org/blog/remembering-hama-massacre
Anusuya Datta. “19 years to 9/11: Satellite images that captured the horrors.” Geospatial World, September 11, 2020.
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/19-years-to-9-11-satellite-images-that-captured-the-horrors/
​
Karin Davies. “Ferry Disaster Survivors Blame Crew For Overcrowding.” Associated Press, May 23, 1996.
https://apnews.com/article/500bcf1b175176fae7e92727d44a5dab
Shane Drennan. “Constructing Takfir.” CTC Sentinel, June 2008, Vol 1, Issue 7.
https://ctc.westpoint.edu/constructing-takfir-from-abdullah-azzam-to-djamel-zitouni/
Richard L. Eldredge. “Where are they now? CNN’s Boys of Baghdad.” Atlanta Magazine. March 18, 2015.
https://www.atlantamagazine.com/90s/where-are-they-now-cnns-boys-of-baghdad/
​
Richard Engel. “Sadat’s Assassination Plotter Remains Unrepentant.” NBC News, July 5, 2011.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43640995
Richard Ernsberger, Jr. “1983 Beirut barracks bombing: ‘The BLT Building is gone!’ HistoryNet, October 23, 2019.
William E. Farrell. “5 Sadat Assassins Executed in Egypt.” New York Times, April 16, 1982.
https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/16/world/5-sadat-assassins-executed-in-egypt.html
Federation of American Scientists. “al-Gama’at al-Islamiyya.” May 3, 2004.
https://fas.org/irp/world/para/ig.htm
Federation of American Scientists. “al-Jihad.” May 3, 2004.
https://fas.org/irp/world/para/jihad.htm
​
Peter Finn, Joby Warrick and Julie Tate. “9/11 planner is recast as key asset for CIA.” Washington Post, August 29, 2009.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32605529
​
Robert Fisk. “Anti-Soviet warrior puts his army on the road to peace.” The Independent, December 6, 1993.
​
Robert Fisk. “Arab rebel leaders warns the British: ‘Get out of the Gulf.’” The Independent, July 10, 1996.
Robert Fisk. “Muslim leaders warns of a new assault on US forces.” The Independent, March 22, 1997.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/muslim-leader-warns-new-assault-us-forces-1274184.html
Robert Fisk. “Osama bin Laden: The godfather of terror?” The Independent, September 15, 2001.
Robert Fisk. “A close encounter with the man who shook the world.” The Independent. October 23, 2011.
​
Tommy Franks. “War of Words,” New York Times, October 19, 2004.
https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/19/opinion/war-of-words.html
​
Joseph P. Fried. “Case of Sheik and 9 Others Is Delivered To the Jury.” New York Times, September 24, 1995.
https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/nyregion/case-of-sheik-and-9-others-is-delivered-to-the-jury.html
Joseph P. Fried. “The Terror Conspiracy: The Overview; Sheik And 9 Followers Guilty Of A Conspiracy Of Terrorism.” New York Times. October 2, 1995.
Joseph P. Fried. “Sheikh Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot.” New York Times, January 18, 1996.
https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/18/nyregion/sheik-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-in-bombing-plot.html
Joseph P. Fried. “Kevin Thomas Duffy, U.S. Judge in Terrorism Cases, Dies at 87.” New York Times, April 1, 2020.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/nyregion/kevin-thomas-duffy-dead-coronavirus.html
Malcolm Gladwell. “N.Y. Bomb Plotters Sentenced to Long Terms.” Washington Post, January 18, 1996.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/16/AR2007101600804_pf.html
​
GlobalSecurity.org. “BGM-109 Tomahawk – Operational Use.”
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/bgm-109-operation.htm
​
Globalsecurity.org. “FIM-92A Stinger Weapons System: RMP & Basic.”
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/stinger.htm
Rohan Gunaratna and Aviv Oreg, (2010) “Al Qaeda's Organizational Structure and its Evolution,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33: 12, 1043 — 1078.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.523860
Clyde Haberman. “Despite Verdict, Kahane’s Son Says Defendant Deserves Death.” New York Times, December 23, 1991.
​
Ashrad Abdul Hamid. “Egypt puts key members of ‘al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya’ on terror list.” Al-Arabiya News, November 11, 2018.
​
Paul Hamilos and Mark Tran. “21 guilty, seven cleared over Madrid train bombings.” The Guardian, October 31, 2007.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/spain.marktran
​
Tore Refslund Hamming. “Al Qaeda After Ayman al-Zawahiri.” Lawfare, April 11, 2021.
https://www.lawfareblog.com/al-qaeda-after-ayman-al-zawahiri
Hassan Hassan Twitter thread, November 13, 2020.
https://twitter.com/hxhassan/status/1327310792383983616
Andrew Higgins. “The War That Continues to Shape Russia, 25 Years Later.” New York Times, December 10, 2019.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/world/europe/photos-chechen-war-russia.html
​
History Channel. “Terrorists bomb trains in Madrid.” February 9, 2010.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/terrorists-bomb-trains-in-madrid
​
History Channel. “Russian forces enter Chechnya.” July 20, 2010.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/yeltsin-orders-russian-forces-into-chechnya
​
History Channel. “9/11 Timeline.” June 21, 2011.
https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-timeline
Phil Hirschkorn. “Jury hears day-by-day account of embassy bombings.” CNN. May 2, 2001.
https://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/05/02/embassy.bombings/index.html
​
InfoWorld. “Toshiba cuts prices of all notebook lines.” May 2, 1994. Page 33.
https://books.google.com/books?id=hDgEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA33
​
Irish Times, “Bin Laden’s deputy killed by US.” November 17, 2001.
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bin-laden-s-deputy-killed-by-us-1.337711
​
Bart Jansen. “10 worst ferry disasters worldwide.” USA Today, April 16, 2014.
​
Douglas Jehl. “C.I.A. Officers Played Role In Sheik Visas.” New York Times, July 22, 1993.
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/22/nyregion/cia-officers-played-role-in-sheik-visas.html
Randy Kennedy. “Pleas for Mercy, Statements of Defiance.” New York Times, January 18, 1996.
https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/18/nyregion/pleas-for-mercy-statements-of-defiance.html
​
Glenn Kessler. “Was Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ‘waterboarded’ 183 times?” Washington Post, February 6, 2017.
​
Azmat Khan. “Slideshow: An American’s Path to the Mumbai Attacks.” PBS Frontline, November 22, 2011.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/slideshow-an-americans-path-to-the-mumbai-attacks/
Azmat Khan. “New Evidence of Pakistan’s Role in the Mumbai Attacks?” PBS Frontline, June 28, 2012.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/new-evidence-of-pakistans-role-in-the-mumbai-attacks/
​
Zarar Khan. “Hamid Gul dies at 78; former Pakistan intelligence chief.” Los Angeles Times, August 16, 2015.
https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-hamid-gul-20150817-story.html
​
Stephen P. Klett, Jr. “Toshiba expands its Satellite notebook line.” ComputerWorld. August 30, 1993. Page 41.
https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLsj-XIYpAC
​
Jason Koebler. “The Six-Letter Text Message That Led the CIA to the Mastermind of 9/11.” Vice News. December 9, 2014.
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Joseph Krauss. “Sudanese take aim at Islamist ‘deep state’ left by al-Bashir.” Associated Press, May 4, 2019.
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Alan J. Kuperman. “The Stinger Missile and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan.” Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 2 (1999): 219-63. vxvvxx 1112ew
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Bernard Lewis. “License to Kill: Usama bin Laden’s Declaration of Jihad.” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998
Scott MacLeod. “The Paladin of Jihad.” TIME, May 6, 1996. Vol. 147, No. 19.
https://time.com/vault/issue/1996-05-06/page/51/
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Dittmar Machule commentary, The Guardian, September 11, 2002.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/11/september112002.september1144
Mapping Militant Organizations. “Al Jama’a al-Islamiya.” Stanford University. August 1, 2012.
https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/265?highlight=April+19
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Jerry Markon. “Capturing Bin Laden on Camera.” Washington Post, July 30, 2008.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/29/AR2008072902429.html
​
Jane Mayer. “Junior.” The New Yorker, September 3, 2006.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/junior
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Jane Mayer, “The Unidentified Queen of Torture,” The New Yorker. December 18, 2014.
https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/unidentified-queen-torture
Terry McDermott. “The Mastermind: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the making of 9/11.” The New Yorker, September 6, 2010.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/13/the-mastermind
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Robert D. McFadden. “New Investigations Asked in Wake of Kahane Trial.” New York Times, December 24, 1991.
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/nyregion/new-investigations-asked-in-wake-of-kahane-trial.html
​
James C. McKinley Jr. “Two U.S. Embassies in East Africa Bombed.” New York Times, August 8, 1998.
https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/080898africa-bombing.html
​
Kevin McMurray. “Cofer Black, Out of the Shadows.” Men’s Journal, November 20, 2013.
https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/cofer-black-out-of-the-shadows-20131120/
​
James Gordon Meek. “FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists 15 Years Later: The Ones Who Got Away.” ABC News, October 25, 2016.
https://abcnews.go.com/International/fbis-wanted-terrorists-15-years/story?id=43028355
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Joe Miller. “Clinton Passed on Killing bin Laden?” Factcheck.org, January 18, 2008.
https://www.factcheck.org/2008/01/clinton-passed-on-killing-bin-laden/
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John Miller. “Greetings, America. My Name is Osama bin Laden.” Esquire, February 1999.
https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a1813/osama-bin-laden-interview/
​
Alison Mitchell. “A Sixth Suspect Charged in Blast.” New York Times, May 7, 1993.
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/07/nyregion/a-sixth-suspect-charged-in-blast.html
Alison Mitchell. “U.S. Detains Cleric Linked to Militants.” New York Times, July 3, 1993.
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/03/us/us-detains-cleric-linked-to-militants.html
​
Rolf Mowatt-Larsen. “Al Qaeda’s Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Foreign Policy. January 25, 2010.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/01/25/al-qaedas-pursuit-of-weapons-of-mass-destruction/
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Steven Lee Myers. “U.S. FURY ON 2 CONTINENTS: THE WEAPONS; Dozens of Ship-Launched Cruise Missiles Strike at Same Moment, 2,500 Miles Apart.” New York Times, August 21, 1998.
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Donovan Myrie and Emilee Speck. “How an Orlando inspector stopped the fifth hijacker on Flight 93.” WKMG ClickOrlando, September 12, 2018.
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Elizabeth Nash. “Madrid bombers ‘were inspired by Bin Laden address.’” The Independent, November 7, 2006.
​
Andrew Natsios. “Behind the Foiled Sudan Coup,” U.S. News & World Report. November 26, 2012.
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NBC News. “Timeline of al-Qaida statements.” April 15, 2004.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4686034
NBC News. “Al-Qaida leaders, associates.” April 23, 2004.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4686491
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NBC News. “Last Spanish combat troops leave Iraq” April 27, 2004.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4845463
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New York Times. “Specter of Terror: The Suspects; Arrested in Yesterday’s Raid.” June 25, 1993.
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Adam Nossiter, “The Taliban Think They Have Already Won, Peace Deal or Not.” New York Times, March 30, 2021.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/world/asia/taliban-victory-afghanistan.html
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NPR, “Profile: Two Senior Al-Qaeda Leaders Give Interviews to Al-Jazeera.” September 13, 2002.
https://legacy.npr.org/programs/morning/transcripts/2002/sep/020913.seelye.html
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The Observer. “Distant voices, still lives, 08:00-09:35.”
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/september11.usa3
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Mitchell Owens. “Laura and George W. Bush’s House in Texas.” Architectural Digest, August 2014.
https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/laura-and-george-w-bush-prairie-chapel-ranch-texas-article
PBS. “Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life.” Frontline, date unknown.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html
Tom Perry. “In free Egypt, Jihad leader says time for gun is over.” Reuters, March 18, 2011.
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Pew Research Center. “Mapping the Global Muslim Population.” October 7, 2009.
https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/
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Todd R. Phinney. “Airpower versus Terrorism: Three Case Studies.” Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. 2003.
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Popular Mechanics. “Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report: The World Trade Center.”
https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a6384/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center/
Julia Preston. “Omar Abdel Rahman, Blind Cleric Found Guilty of Plot to Wage ‘War of Urban Terrorism,’ Dies at 78.” New York Times, February 18, 2017.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/18/world/middleeast/omar-abdel-rahman-dead.html
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Selwyn Raab. “Jury Acquits Defendant in Kahane Trial.” New York Times, December 22, 1991.
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/nyregion/jury-acquits-defendant-in-kahane-trial.html
​
Sudarsan Raghavan. “Alleged architect of U.S. Embassy bombings killed.” Washington Post, June 11, 2011.
Bruce Reidel. “Trump’s Saddam: Terror killer or terror patron?” Brookings Institution, July 11, 2016.
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/trumps-saddam-terror-killer-or-terror-patron/
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Fernando Reinares. “Why did the Madrid train bombings divide, not unite Spaniards?” Real Instituto Elcano, March 11, 2015.
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Reuters. “CHRONOLOGY - The deadliest bomb attacks in Iraq.” February 12, 2007.
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Reuters. “Factbox: Previous limited U.S. strikes were followed by unforeseen consequences.” September 4, 2013.
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Reuters. “Sudan’s former PM Sadiq al-Mahdi dies from coronavirus.” November 25, 2020.
https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-politics-idUKKBN28604W
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Brian Ross and David Scott. “Qatari Royal Family Linked to Al Qaeda.” ABC News, January 7, 2006.
https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=129838&page=1
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Sebastian Rotella. “Trial Testimony Intensifies Allegations Pakistan Is Playing Double Game.” ProPublica, May 23, 2011.
https://www.propublica.org/article/chicago-trial-focuses-on-pakistans-role-in-terrorism
​
Lily Rothman. “How TIME Secured Its First Interview with Osama bin Laden.” TIME, November 24, 2014.
https://time.com/3598204/osama-bin-laden-history/
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Peter Rutland. “Putin’s Path to Power.” Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 16, no.4, December 2000, pp. 313-54.
http://prutland.faculty.wesleyan.edu/files/2015/08/Putins-path-to-power.pdf
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Mark Schone and Rehab El-Buri, “Fort Hood: Hasan Asked Awlaki If It Was Okay to Kill American Soldiers.” ABC News, December 23, 2009.
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Michael Slackman, “Bin Laden kin worry about terrorist’s wife, children,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2001.
https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-worldtrade-binladen-family-lat-story.html
Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi. “Pakistan-US Policies on the ‘War on Terror’ and the Taliban: Allies at Loggerheads.” Pakistan Horizon 63, no. 2 (2010): 51-67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24711085
Mike Sims. “Transcript: The Yasin Interview.” 60 Minutes. June 2, 2002.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-the-yasin-interview/
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Tim Skoog, Meghna Chakrabarti and Dorey Scheimer. “First Person: The CIA’s Former Counterterrorism Chief on the Lead Up to 9/11.” WBUR, October 13, 2020.
https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2020/10/13/radio-diary-cofer-black
​
Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl. “Crawford, TX,” Texas State Historical Association.
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/crawford-tx
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Missy Sullivan and Sydney Trattner. “This Man Helped Thwart the Biggest Terror Arrack That Almost Happened.” History Channel, September 11, 2017.
https://www.history.com/news/this-man-helped-thwart-the-biggest-terror-attack-that-almost-happened
​
Ronald Sullivan. “Judge Gives Maximum Term in Kahane Case.” New York Times, January 30, 1992.
https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/30/nyregion/judge-gives-maximum-term-in-kahane-case.html
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Liz Sly, “This is the man who recruited the 9/11 hijackers.” Washington Post, November 30, 2018.
​
Philip Taubman, “Soviet Lists Afghan War Toll: 13,310 Dead, 35,478 Wounded.” New York Times, May 26, 1988.
https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/26/world/soviet-lists-afghan-war-toll-13310-dead-35478-wounded.html
Bernard W. Tate. “Pentagon survivors tell their stories.” Army.mil. August 20, 2012.
https://www.army.mil/article/65490/pentagon_survivors_tell_their_stories
​
Magnus Taylor. “Hassan al-Turabi’s Islamist Legacy in Sudan.” International Crisis Group, March 10, 2016.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/hassan-al-turabi-s-islamist-legacy-sudan
​
Bill Trott. “‘Blind sheikh’ convicted in 1993 World Trade bombing dies in U.S. prison.” Reuters, February 18, 2017.
​
Craig Turner. “Egypt’s Leader Survives Assassination Attempt : Africa: Muslim extremists suspected in attack on Mubarak’s motorcade in Ethiopia. President is unharmed.” Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1995.
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-27-mn-17703-story.html
​
U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Iraq 2003.”
https://www.ohchr.org/en/about-us/memorial/iraq-2003
​
University of Pittsburgh. “Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack: An In-Depth Investigation into the 1998 Bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.” Spring 2005.
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/26356/05_anatomy_terr_attack.pdf
​
USA Today. “Red Dawn imitated art.” December 17, 2003.
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2003-12-17-red-dawn_x.htm
​
Karl Vick. “Nairobi Rescuers Search for Signs of Life.” Washington Post, August 9, 1998.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/nairobi080998.htm
​
Marcus Walker and James M. Dorsey. “A Student’s Dreams or a Terrorist’s Plot?” Wall Street Journal, September 18, 2001.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000774372551721800
​
Wall Street Journal. “Daniel Pearl’s Abduction: A Chronology of Events” February 22, 2002.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1013119414239701000
​
Wall Street Journal. “Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan” February 24, 2002.
https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm
​
Katie Walmsley, “9/11 Anniversary: Survivor Reflects on Escaping Death.” ABC News. September 9, 2011.
​
Declan Walsh. “Three Decades After His Coup, Sudan’s Former Ruler Is Held to Account.” New York Times, July 21, 2020.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/world/africa/sudan-omar-hassan-al-bashir-coup-trial.html
​
Washington Post. “Dar Es Salaam Bombing Map.”
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/maps/salaammap.htm
Washington Post. “Nairobi Bombing Map.”
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/maps/nairobimap.htm
​
Benjamin Weiser. “Prosecutors Are Expected to Seek Dismissal of Charges Against Bin Laden.” New York Times, May 3, 2011.
​
Craig Whitlock. “Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels.” Washington Post, May 4, 2008.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/03/AR2008050302047.html
​
Christopher Woody, “‘A fighting war with the main enemy’: How the CIA helped land a mortal blow to the Soviets in Afghanistan 32 years ago,” Business Insider, October 2, 2018.
​
Christopher S. Wren. “U.S. Jury Convicts 3 in a Conspiracy to Bomb Airliners.” New York Times, September 6, 1996.
​
Lawrence Wright, “The Counter-Terrorist.” The New Yorker, January 6, 2002.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/01/14/the-counter-terrorist
​
Lawrence Wright, “The Agent,” The New Yorker. July 10, 2006.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/10/the-agent
​
Robin Wright and John-Thor Dahlburg. “Legwork, Luck Closed Net Around Bombing Suspect : Manhunt: A mysterious informer’s tip capped an intense search for alleged mastermind of trade center blast.” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1995.
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-02-12-mn-31228-story.html
​
Micah Zenko. “When Reagan Cut and Run.” Foreign Policy, February 7, 2014.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/02/07/when-reagan-cut-and-run/
​
Books
Abdullah Anas with Tam Hussein. To the Mountains: My Life in Jihad, from Algeria to Afghanistan. (London: Hurst & Company, 2019)
​
Abdel Bari Atwan. The Secret History of Al Qaeda. (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006)
Peter Baker. Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House. (New York: Anchor Books, 2013)
​
Milt Bearden and James Risen. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown with the KGB. (New York: Random House, 2003)
​
Peter L. Bergen. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. (New York: Touchstone, 2001)
Peter L. Bergen. The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda’s Leader. (New York: Free Press, 2006)
Peter L. Bergen. The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict Between America and Al-Qaeda. (New York: Free Press, 2011)
Peter L. Bergen. Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden from 9/11 to Abbottabad. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012)
​
Peter L. Bergen. The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021)
Omar bin Laden, Najwa bin Laden, Jean Sasson. Growing Up bin Laden: Osama’s Wife and Son Take Us Inside Their Secret World. (New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2009)
Mark Bowden. Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. (New York: Grove Press, 1999)
​
Mark Bowden. The Finish: The Killing of Osama bin Laden. (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012)
​
George W. Bush. Decision Points. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2010)
​
Daniel Byman. Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
​
Gerard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin. (Eds.) The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007)
​
Richard A. Clarke. Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror. (New York: Free Press, 2004)
​
Steve Coll. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. (New York: Penguin Press, 2004)
Steve Coll. The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century. (New York: Penguin Books, 2008)
David Dunbar and Brad Reagan, eds. Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts. (New York: Hearst Books, 2011)
​
Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn. 102 Minutes: The Unforgettable Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers. (New York: Times Books, 2005)
​
Barton Gellman. Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency. (New York: Penguin Press, 2008)
​
Fawaz A. Gerges. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
​
Fawaz A. Gerges. The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)
​
Garrett M. Graaf. The Only Plane in the Sky: An Oral History of 9/11. (New York: Avid Reader Press, 2019)
​
Marcela Grad. Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader. (New York: Webster University Press, 2009)
​
Robert L. Grenier. 88 Days to Kandahar: A CIA Diary. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015)
​
Imtiaz Gul. The Most Dangerous Place: Pakistan's Lawless Frontier. (New York: Penguin Group, 2010)
​
Rohan Gunaratna. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. (New York: Penguin Group, 2002)
​
Rohan Gunaratna and Khuram Iqbal. Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero. (London: Reaktion Books, 2011)
​
Mustafa Hamid and Leah Farrall. The Arabs at War in Afghanistan. (London: Hurst & Company, 2015)
​
Thomas Hegghammer. The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020)
​
Bruce Hoffman. Inside Terrorism. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006)
Raymond Ibrahim (ed.). The Al Qaeda Reader. (New York: Broadway Books, 2007)
Jane Mayer. The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals. (New York: Doubleday, 2008)
​
Terry McDermott. Perfect Soldiers: The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It. (New York: Harper Collins, 2005)
Terry McDermott and Josh Meyer. The Hunt for KSM: Inside the Pursuit and Takedown of the Real 9/11 Mastermind (New York: Little Brown and Company, 2012)
Michael Morrell with Bill Harlow. The Great War of Our Time: The CIA’s Fight Against Terrorism from Al Qa’ida to ISIS. (New York: Twelve, 2015)
Barack Obama. A Promised Land. (New York: Crown, 2020)
Robert A. Pape. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. (New York: Random House, 2005)
Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo. Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Key Field Commander. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2005)
​
Joseph Pfeifer. Ordinary Heroes: A Memoir of 9/11. (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2021)
​
Jonathan Randal. Osama: The Making of a Terrorist. (New York: Random House, 2004)
​
Simon Reeve. The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999)
​
Bruce Reidel. Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America and the Future of the Global Jihad. (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011)
​
Michael Scheuer. Osama bin Laden. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
​
Gary C. Schroen. First In: An Insider's Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan. (New York: Random House, 2005)
​
Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy. The Exile: The Stunning Inside Story of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in Flight. (New York: Bloomsbury, 2017)
Ali H. Soufan, with Daniel Freedman. The Black Banners: The Inside Story of 9/11 and the War Against Al Qaeda. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011)
Ali Soufan. Anatomy of Terror: From the Death of bin Laden to the Rise of the Islamic State. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2017)
​
George Tenet with Bill Harlow. At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA. (New York: HarperCollins, 2007)
​
Joby Warrick. The Triple Agent: The Al-Qaeda Mole Who Infiltrated the CIA. (New York: Penguin RandomHouse, 2011)
​
Joby Warrick. Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS. (New York: Doubleday, 2015)
​
Tim Weiner. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. (New York: Random House, 2007)
​
Tim Weiner. Enemies: A History of the FBI. (New York: Random House, 2012)
​
Murray Weiss. The Man Who Warned America: The Life and Death of John O'Neill, the FBI's Embattled Counterterror Warrior. (New York: HarperCollins, 2003)
​
Bob Woodward. Bush at War. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002)
Bob Woodward. Plan of Attack. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004)
Bob Woodward. Obama’s Wars. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010)
Lawrence Wright. The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. (New York: Vintage Books, 2006)
​
Lawrence Wright. The Terror Years. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016)
Government Documents and Reports
The 9/11 Commission Report
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/index.htm
​
9/11 Commission, Staff Statement No. 16. “Outline of the 9/11 Plot.”
https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf
​
Central Intelligence Agency. “Fatwas or Religious Rulings by Militant Islamic Groups Against the United States.” February 23, 1998.
​
Central Intelligence Agency. “Afghanistan Camps Central to 11 September Plot: Can Al-Qa’ida Train on the Run?” June 20, 2003.
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/369179-2003-06-20-afghanistan-camps-central-to-11.html
​
FBI Vault. “Osama bin Laden”
https://vault.fbi.gov/osama-bin-laden
​
State Department. “Foreign Terrorist Organizations: Gama'a al-Islamiyya.” September 19, 2018.
Documentaries, Films and Series
11M: Terror in Madrid (Netflix)
​
9/11 (CNN Films)
9/11: Inside the Pentagon (PBS)
​
9/11: One Day in America (Hulu)
​
Ambush in Mogadishu (PBS)
​
Days That Shaped America (History)
​
Inside the Terror Network (PBS)
​
Manhunt: The Inside Story of the Hunt for Bin Laden (HBO)
Race Against Time: The CIA and 9/11 (CBS)
​
Road to 9/11 (History)
Revealed: The Hunt for bin Laden (History)
The Looming Tower (Hulu)
The Man Who Knew (PBS)
​
The Spymasters: CIA in the Crosshairs (CBS News)
​
Turning Point: 9/11 and the War on Terror (Netflix)
​
World Trade Center (Paramount Pictures)
Zero Dark Thirty (Sony Pictures)
Legal Documents
United States v. Jamal al-Badawi and Fahd al-Quso grand jury indictment
(2003 - USS Cole)
https://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/etc/coleindict1.pdf
​
United States v. Rahman, et. al. August 16, 1999.
https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1011788.html
United States v. Ressam. May 4, 2012.
https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-ressam-2
​
United States v. Usama bin Laden sealed grand jury indictment (1996)
https://irp.fas.org/news/1998/11/indict1.pdf
​
United States v. Usama bin Laden superseding grand jury indictment (1998)
https://fas.org/irp/news/1998/11/98110602_nlt.html
​
United States v. Usama bin Laden, et. al. grand jury indictment (2000 - Africa embassy bombings)
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/802160-indict
​
United States v. Yousef, et.al. April 4, 2003.
Online Resources
Carfax. “VIN Decoder & VIN Lookup.”
https://www.carfax.com/company/vehicle-identification-numbers-vins
​
CIA Memo to Sudanese Major General Elfatih Erwa, delivered on March 8, 1996.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/sudanmemotext_100301.html
​
CIA World Factbook, “Afghanistan.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/
CIA World Factbook, “Egypt.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/
CIA World Factbook, “Kenya.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/
CIA World Factbook, “Pakistan.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/
CIA World Factbook. “Saudi Arabia.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/
CIA World Factbook. “Sudan.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/
CIA World Factbook. “Tanzania.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/
CIA World Factbook. “Yemen.”
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/
​
The Counter-Extremism Project: Al-Qaeda
https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/al-qaeda
​
The Counter-Extremism Project. “Omar Abdel-Rahman”
https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/omar-abdel-rahman
The Counter-Extremism Project. “Ramzi Yousef”
https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ramzi-yousef
The Counter-Extremism Project. “The NCP in Sudan”
https://www.counterextremism.com/content/ncp-sudan
Encyclopedia Brittanica. “Al-Mahdi”
https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mahdi-Sudanese-religious-leader
Encyclopedia Brittanica. “Sudan”
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan
FBI “9/11 Investigation”
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/911-investigation
FBI “East African Embassy Bombings”
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/east-african-embassy-bombings
FBI “Millennium Plot / Ahmed Ressam”
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/millennium-plot-ahmed-ressam
FBI “USS Cole Bombing”
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/uss-cole-bombing
FBI “World Trade Center Bombing 1993”
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993
​
Federation of American Scientists. “Statement by CIA and FBI on Arrest of Mir Aimal Kansi.” June 17, 1997.
https://fas.org/irp/cia/news/pr61797.html
​
Guinness World Records, “Operation Cyclone.”
https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/613906-most-expensive-covert-action
​
Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. “El Sayyid Nosair Trial: 1991.”
https://law.jrank.org/pages/3497/El-Sayyid-Nosair-Trial-1991.html
Legal Information Institution. “Miranda Warning.”
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/miranda_warning
​
The Rendition Project
https://www.therenditionproject.org.uk/about/issues/rendition.html
Rewards for Justice. “Mir Aimal Kansi”
https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/mir_aimal_kansi.html
​
Statement by J. Gilmore Childers, Esq. and Henry J. DePippo, Esq. “Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center.” Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and Government Information. February 24, 1998.
https://fas.org/irp/congress/1998_hr/s980224c.htm
​
Testimony of Cofer Black before the joint House/Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, September 26, 2002.
https://fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602black.html
Transcript of Osama bin Laden interview with ABC News, May 1998.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/interview.html#video
United States Marines. “Marine Barracks Bombing at Beirut, Lebanon.” October 22, 2018.
https://www.marines.mil/News/Marines-TV/videoid/634642/dvpTag/Beirut/
Primary Documents
IntelWire: Minutes of Al Qaeda’s founding meetings, 1988.
http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/1988-08-11-al-qaeda-founding.pdf
​
Combating Terrorism Center: Al Qaeda’s Structure and Bylaws
​
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